The Difference Between a Cation and an Anion

Cations and anions are both ions. The difference between a cation and an anion is the net electrical charge of the ion. Ions are atoms or molecules which have gained or lost one or more valence electrons, giving the ion a net positive or negative charge. If the chemical species has more protons than electrons, it carries a net positive charge. If there are more electrons than protons, the species has a negative charge. The number of neutrons determines the isotope of an element  but does not affect the electrical charge. Cation Versus Anion Cations are ions with a net positive charge. Cation Examples: Silver: AgHydronium: H3OAmmonium: NH4 Anions are ions with a net negative charge. Anion Examples: Hydroxide anion: OH-Oxide anion: O2-Sulfate anion: SO42- Because they have opposite electrical charges, cations and anions are attracted to each other. Cations repel other cations and anions repel other anions. Predicting Cations and Anions Sometimes, you can predict whether an atom will form a cation or an anion based on its position on the periodic table. Alkali metals and alkaline earth metals always  form cations. Halogens always form anions. Most other nonmetals typically form anions (e.g. oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur), while most metals form cations (e.g. iron, gold, mercury). Writing Chemical Formulas When writing the formula of a compound, the cation is listed before the anion. For example, in NaCl, the sodium atom acts as the cation, while the chlorine atom acts as the anion. When writing cation or anion symbols, the element symbol(s) is listed first. The charge is written as a superscript following the chemical formula.

Antigone is an admirable character. How far do you agree...

Antigone is a thoroughly admirable character. How far do you agree with this statement? Throughout the play, Antigone is presented as an audacious and unorthodox female character, whose actions depict her independence and confidence. She dismisses the rules which she believes are false, and honourably battles against her uncles rule to bring justice to her slaughtered brother; her original intentions suggest how important family relationships are to her. However, Antigones reckless behaviour often causes inconsistency in her beliefs. Majorly, nearing the end of her life, she begins to regret all her deeds of which she had once glorified. Antigones initial self-confidence and independence has been replaced with regret and†¦show more content†¦For example, when threatened with the bleak future of a death penalty, her reply that it would be more of an advantage to die. Although her character may not have been expected by an Ancient Greek audience, her unique and unorthodox character (when compared with the typical stereotype of an Ancient Greek woman) would have been admired. Finally, Sophocles shows Antigone to be a passionate religious citizen, who chooses to obey the unwritten, unassailable laws of the divine rather than the short-lived laws of humans. In this way, her undying respect for the gods give her a character similar to a saint or a martyr; she expresses very clearly her acceptance of dying for obeying the words of the gods. This particularly gives Antigone an admirable character, as religion and obeying the gods wishes were viewed as necessities in Ancient Greek life. By showing that she is willing to disobey her own citys king, Antigone appears set to be favoured by the gods for her loyalty. However, Antigones character is very reckless and hotheaded; her swift decisions and ambitious actions often cause contradictory emotions and actions. One prime example relates with the theme of family relationships; Antigone feels that she is noble when honouring [her] own flesh and blood. Although this ,ay be true in her conflict for bringing justice to Polyneices, she becomes increasingly cold, distant and rude to her only survivingShow MoreRelatedFeminism : A Feminist Perspective1965 Words   |  8 Pagesopinions of this delicate topic causing some people to change their minds where as others will just add more fuel to their own fire by making their beliefs even stronger for the next time they wish to defend their thoughts and ideas. Those people who stand by their strong supportive thoughts, ideas, and beliefs on the topic of feminism are known as a feminist’s. These feminists are strong believers for gender equality but most importantly empowering and celebrating women. Feminism dates as far back asRead MoreMoral Lessons in Antigone3823 Words   |  16 PagesThe play Antigone was written by Sophocles around four hundred forty B.C.E, in the height of the golden age of Greece. Theater was then, as it is now, a medium through which to implicate the outlooks of its writer and to examine moral issues, whilst providing entertainment. The subjects discussed through theater were often deeply rooted in the dialogue of the characters in the plays and struck the chords of the audience such that enlightenment could take place, and in that day and age this purpose

Veterinary Assistant Essay Research Paper A veterinarian free essay sample

Veterinary Assistant Essay, Research Paper A veterinary is one who is qualified and authorized to handle diseases and hurts of animate beings. Veterinarians are employed by wildlife conserves, animate being Parkss, menagerie, and aquatic installings. Federal, province, and metropolis authoritiess besides yse veterinaries in the research and intervention of animate being diseases which may be spread to worlds. Veterinary Training includes two to four old ages of college, plus four old ages at an sanctioned college of veterinary medical specialty. A licensing scrutiny must be passed before practising veterinary medical specialty. There are about 21 veterinary colleges in the United States. About 1,400 people alumnus from these colleges every twelvemonth. These people are skilled in in the bar, diagnosing, and intervention of carnal wellness jobs. There are many different signifiers of veterinary pattern, though 70 % limit their pattern to little animate beings or family pets ( Canis familiariss, cats, birds, etc.. Some veterinaries specialize in farm animate beings ( Equus caballuss, cattles, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Veterinary Assistant Essay Research Paper A veterinarian or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ) and are said to hold a big animate being pattern. A veterinarian in a general pattern dainties all animate beings. There are besides many Fieldss of employment available to veterinary practicians. These include: research-experimentation with new drugs, therapies, and processs that will be subsequently be used on animate beings and/or worlds industry-development of medicines, vaccinums, and provenders and analyzing the consequence of carnal nutrition on wellness Armed Forces-inspection of meat, nutrient, and installations, the survey of the effects of infinite travel on animate beings, the survey of atomic effects on animate beings public health-study and bar of the transmittal of diseases from animate being to animate being or from carnal to human, review of eating house nutrient governmental agencies-safeguarding ports of entry into the United States, describing incidence of disease, epidemic bar teaching-teaching at colleges and universities menagerie and wildlife management-maintenance and reproduction of species in appropriate milieus agriculture-prevention and intervention of disease in work/food-producing animate beings, raising and caring for animate beings for net income ( genteelness, etc. ) pets-safeguarding animate being and human wellness through sensing and bar of disease forte disease-restriction to a certain species ( veterinaries who work at racecourses, etc. ) A veterinary assitant is anyone working for a veterinarian. They may be called veterinary assitants, carnal technicians, or carnal infirmary technicians but all aid veterinaries, scientists, and research workers. Technicians need forbearance, tact, compassion, and the ability to work and interact good with animate beings every bit good as people. As the figure of veterinaries additions and the pattern grows more and more complex, the demand for skilled carnal technicians increases greatly. An assitants responsibilities vary with his or her occupation. In a general private pattern, veterinary assitants prepare patients and equipment for surgery, take X raies, collect specimens, frock lesions, perform lab trials, clean coops and pens, communicate with pet proprietors, provender patients, answer telephones, agenda assignments, execute clerical responsibilities, and aid in diagnostic and medical processs. Veterinary assitants may be employed in the same work scenes as veterinaries. Other employment chances are veterinary clinics, humane societies, menagerie, meat packing companies, pharmeceutical companies, provender makers, research installations, and governmental bureaus. A veterinary assitant may recieve on-the-job preparation or have an associate grade from a junior college. Training for an Animal Technician, Registered ( A.T.R. ) , requires two old ages. An Associate Degree of Applied Science is issued when the work is completed. For enfranchisement, the technician must go through an scrutiny given by the Laboratory Animal Techinician Certification Board, sponsored by the American Association of Laboratory Animal Science ( A.A.L.A.S. ) .

Roadside Memorials free essay sample

Roadside Memorials The issue Is roadside memorials and whether they should be allowed on the side of the road or not. There Is a large controversy over roadside memorials because some people believe they are distracting and should be illegal altogether because they have caused car accidents that result in more deaths. Others believe that people deserve the right to express their grief In any form. This issue had become problematic because the amount of roadside memorials in increasing. Roadside memorials should be illegal because they are a enormous distraction to drivers and . One reason that roadside memorials should be illegal is that they are a distraction for drivers. It Is very Important for a driver to keep their eyes on the road while driving and seeing a roadside memorial can distract the driver and cause them to take their eyes off the road. This can cause a car crash and result in even more deaths. In the article Education of Oregon police roadside memorial near Albany leads to crash, Tom Hellman Jar. Tastes that two vehicles collided along Interstate 5, the drivers apparently distracted by a crowd of more than 100 people who gathered o honor three officers hit by a car at the same location 10 years ago. (Peg. 1) This proves that roadside memorials are distracting because the drivers were distracted and got into an accident. Roadside memorials arent worth another death. One reason that they are a distraction is that people slow down to see what they say or who died. In the same article, Tom Hellman Jar. States that A pickup truck slowed. A station wagon following didnt. People stopping to look at the memorial caused the accident. If the memorial was not placed on the side of the road then the accident would never have happened. In the same article, Dave Thompson Is quoted and he said, Anything that distracts you from driving can be dangerous, (Par, 17). This is very true because drivers get distracted very easily. As a driver you are taught to keep your eyes on the road and not become distracted by other things. Another reason that roadside memorials should be illegal Is that they are littering. In the article, Should roadside memorials be considered littering? It states that At their worst these memorials are indeed litter while at their best they are mere eyesores. When people leave trash on the side to the road they can get tinned. Why are people not fined for leaving memorials on the roadside? They are basically the same concepts. In another article. Rants about roadside memorials. It states that what is placed on the memorials is littering, piles of artificial flowers, hand-made signs, tattered moldy teddy bears. These memorials will not stay in one place forever. If it rains or there Is a windstorm the memorial will be destroyed and pieces of it will be littered everywhere. In the article. Should roadside memorials be illegal, It states that. Then, after some time of neglect, these memorials fall into various states of disrepair ND then they really become an eyesore. (Par. 4) Most families do not come back to clean up the memorials so it makes an even bigger mess ove r time. Littering Is illegal so roadside memorials should be illegal as well. The last reason roadside memorials should be illegal is that most memorials Include a cross and that should not be allowed. In an article from the New York tofu constitutional principle of separation of church and state Crosses are religious symbols and the sides of a highway are public property. Placing a cross on the side of a road is illegal. Churches are allowed to have crosses on their buildings because hey pay for their land. In the Article, Should Roadside memorials be considered littering, it states that society has created a place for memorials upon the passing of a loved one. You may have heard of them: cemeteries. (Par. 2) people should not be forbidden of their right to grief they should be forbidden to express their grief on roadways. There are many other ways to grief in cemeteries. In the same article, it also states that. Cemeteries allow you the opportunity to be as tacky as you like. (Par. 3) there are no restrictions as to what you can place by a gravestone. And there s also no limit to how often you can visit the cemetery. These are all benefits that a roadside memorial does not provide. Death is like the popping or deflating of a balloon. A person is born and throughout their life, they grow and become bigger. Balloons start out really little and then they are inflated and they grow larger. Once a person reaches a certain age, they start to get old and they start to wrinkle and shrink. Balloons can only float around for a certain length of time. After a while they start to shrink and float down to the ground. When a person dies they breathe one sat breath and then everything in them is gone. They are gone and will not be coming back. When a balloon completely deflates it is shrunk down to its original size and no longer floats. All that is left is a wrinkly balloon with nothing inside of it. The deflation of a balloon is a very good analogy for death because it goes through the stages of life and death like a person does. Another way balloons can relate to death is with sudden deaths. Sometimes balloons pop randomly when you least expect it. Sometimes people have heart attacks or other issues that cause them to die unexpectedly. Another way a balloon symbolizes death is when it is popped. The balloon can be full of air and perfectly fine, but someone comes along and pops the balloon and then the balloon is gone forever in a split second. This symbolizes murdering a person. A person can be completely fine one day and someone comes and murders them for no apparent reason and they are suddenly gone. A balloon is a good analogy for life and death for many reasons. The argument of the opposite side is that everyone deserves the right to grieve in whichever way they chose. They believe they have the right to freedom of speech and religion. While they do have the right to freedom of speech and religion, they do not have the right to display their beliefs on public property. Cemeteries were built for people to express their grief openly, and this should be done at a cemetery and not anywhere else. There are many reasons as to why roadside memorials should be illegal and this paper sums all of them up. They are a dangerous distraction, they are considered littering, and they violate the constitution by violating the separation of church and state. Roadside memorials should be illegal because they are not appropriate ways of grieving, and they are very dangerous.

Essay Examples on The New Deal Essay Example

Essay Examples on The New Deal Paper 1st Essay Sample on The New Deal The New Deal was a plan designed for three purposes, relief, recovery, and reform.Actions of Roosevelt’s administration set precedents for future presidents and proved that the Constitution could be adapted to solve the problems of a more modern era.Much of the New Deal legislation passed in the 1930s is still in effect today.The efforts made by the Republicans to end the Great Depression before Roosevelt was elected, proved that it was time for a change; the old ways of Social Darwinism and lassiez-faire economics had proved ineffective.The changes the New Deal made to the U.S. government were indeed for the better. Being a Republican, Hoover was a firm believer of Social Darwinism and lassiez-faire economics.He felt the government should not be directly involved in the lives of the people; it was the responsibility of the people to solve their own problems.Although he attempted to help the country rise out of depression during the second half of his term, he did not do enou gh.By refusing to give direct relief, people were starving and children were dying.It would take Roosevelt and his New Deal to lift the people’s spirits and regain their confidence in the government.Unlike Hoover, Roosevelt did not object to direct relief; he was willing to do whatever was necessary to strengthen the American economy.He placed more power in the hands of the federal government to control big business, and realized the need for the government to help those who could not help themselves. The New Deal focused on three R’s, relief, recovery, and reform.Although reform was not Roosevelt’sfirst priority, it is evident today that his efforts to prevent another disastrous depression have paid off.The country has yet to face another depression of such size.He placed regulations on the stock market to prevent the over-speculation that had led to the Great Crash of 1929. 2nd Essay Sample on The New Deal The New Deal was a double-edged sword, a necessary evil, if you will.It both helped and hurt America and her people. FDR outlined his New Deal in a Fireside chat on Sunday, May 7, 1933.Trade and commerce were in decline.Over production of crops and goods continued, while demand for exports fell.This lethal combination had led to a nose dive in the prices of basic commodities which led inevitably to farms and factories losing money, and a banking crisis earmarked by mortgage foreclosures, banks calling loans and refusing to issue new ones, and a catastrophic loss of spiritual values and human spirit. The newly inaugurated President Roosevelt responded with the three R s of relief, recovery and reform. Debt relief and the sale of beer were intended to relieve the monetary distress of farmers, factory workers and home owners, raise employment and increase stability while spreading a little good cheer. An alphabet soup of programs was intended to create jobs and improve the country in g eneral: CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps) and TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority) to name just two.They did employ hundreds of thousands of men, protect the forests, prevent floods, and electrify the country side. Reform acts addressed the railroads, the workplace, antitrust laws and the gold standard.While intended to eliminate waste, improve working conditions, control monopolies and prevent the flow of gold out of the country, these laws also left us with red tape and bureaucracy that saddles us to this day. Then there were his four great objectives of friendly relations, reduction in armaments, reduction of trade barriers and the stabilization of currencies.For all their good intentions, one could argue that his efforts to save money through hispolicy of disarmament as well as by droppingtrade barriers, weakened the USA when it should have been preparing to fight WWII. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on The New Deal specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on The New Deal specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on The New Deal specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Legalization Of Marijuana Essays - Drug Control Law, Drug Culture

Legalization Of Marijuana Essays - Drug Control Law, Drug Culture Legalization Of Marijuana The purpose of this paper is to discuss marijuana and compare both sides of the issue of legalizing marijuana. We have two factions fighting each other ; one those who are pro marijuana and those who are anti marijuana. These two factions have been fighting on this issue on the halls of justice for years. Pro marijuana legalization groups such as the Physician's Association for AIDS Care, National Lymphoma Foundation argue that marijuana should be legalized in order to treat terminally ill patients. Among them are AIDS victims who find that marijuana stimulates their appetites so they can fight off dangerous emaciation; glaucoma sufferers who have used marijuana said it has prevented them from going blind, and cancer patients for whom it alleviates the severe nausea that is often accompanies chemotherapy and sometimes makes lifesaving treatment impossible. Due to all these lobbying groups which show substantial evidence that marijuana can be used as a prescribed drug. Also many advocates who are pro marijuana complain that morphine and cocaine are legal and are very dangerous drugs, that brings up the question why not legalize marijuana as medical drug which is proven to be less dangerous than cocaine and morphine. Lobbying groups in a San Diego, California , council committee unanimously voted to urge president Bill Clinton and congress to end federal restrictions against the use of marijuana for legitiment medical use. City council women Christine kehoe said she wanted the city of San Diego to go on the record we support the medical use marijuana.; marijuana can be a drug of necessity in the treatment of AIDS, glaucoma, cancer and multiple sclerosis. '' Many agencies which are anti marijuana such as Drug Enforcement Agency and police departments argue that marijuana shouldn't be legalized. These agencies believe that marijuana shouldn't be legalized because if marijuana is to become legal then thousands more patients using marijuana. Then people will raise the question why marijuana illegal at all if its a medicine. The main reason why the Drug Enforcement Agency doesn't want marijuana to be legal is because their is no hard core evidence that proves that marijuana is a effective drug as a medicine. In twenty years of research have produced no reliable scientific proof that marijuana has medical value. The American Cancer Society , American Glaucoma Society,the National Multiple Sclerosis, the American Academy of Ophthalmology , or the American Medical Association , say that their is no evidence that marijuana is a medicine. The agencies also argues that no other drug prescribed is smoked and that knew findings show that marijuana is acutely harmful to AIDS, Cancer patients because the active ingredient in marijuana acutely reduces the the bodies white blood cells which fight off infection. The Drug Enforcement Agency along with police departments all over the United States believe, with the legalization of drugs crime will increase due to a higher increase of pot users which will eventually become addicts and will still or kill in order to get their drugs. These are the main points and reasons why the Drug named marijuana shouldn't be legalized in the United States of America. Seeing booth sides of the issue I come to a conclusion that marijuana should be legalized in order to help people suffering from terminal diseases such as AIDS, Cancer and Glaucoma. Prohibition of marijuana over the past decades hasn't deminshed the demand of the drug in the United States. The use of marijuana has acutely went up due to the mass attention given to marijuana by rappers such as Cypress Hill who promote the use of marijuana as a social drug. But I believe that marijuana is here to stay in our society and is only going through the stages that alcohol had during the prohibition era. Marijuana will become legal due to the knew administration which is liberal and who's leader , president Bill Clinton who had acutely used marijuana during the nineteen sixties. Due to all these factors marijuana will become more widely accepted by the American people who will pressure congress to rewrite the laws on the drug marijuana. Now its only a matter of time before lobbying groups pressure the legislature to legalize it. Due to legalization many states will be able to grow marijuana as a cash crop, and the United States government will be able to tax marijuana and make revenue off it. The revenue made from marijuana will be in the millions which can be used for drug rehabs and anti drug programs targeted at elementary children. Still by

How does the abuse of drugs affect families (break them) Essay

How does the abuse of drugs affect families (break them) - Essay Example There are moms like Charlotte Sanders (2006) who experimented with drugs at 16 but took methamphetamines as a regular habit in her twenties in order to cope with the pressures of motherhood; or Lynn Smith, who resorted to drugs as an actress in New York; or even Mike Shirley, a father of a family. In 2004, more than 3.5 million persons who were 18 years old or over admitted that they had, at some point in their life, taken at least one injection of an illegal drug. (National Drug Intelligence Center (NDIC), 2006). The NDIC also reports that drug abuse in the US is cost it $181 billion in 2002 alone, and that amount continues to rise every year. The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) defines drug addiction as â€Å"a chronic, relapsing brain disease that is characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use, despite harmful consequences.† It must be understood that, under this definition, specialized agencies such as the NIDA and the NIDC classify alcoholism and smoking as forms of substance abuse classifiable as drug addiction. Regular use of alcohol and nicotine, the so-called â€Å"legal drugs,† are prone to abuse with the same resultant effects as narcotic abuse. Also, prescription drugs are also prone to abuse when the user administers them in the inappropriate amounts, or resorts to their regular use even when the reason or medical condition that required their use no longer exists. Recently, more teens have been experimenting with combinations of prescription drugs that increases the danger of fatalities due to toxic reactions of drugs with each other. (Buddy T., 2007). Rather than being viewed as mere socially deviant behaviour, drug addiction is viewed by the medical community as a disease. Drugs alter the brain’s structure and the way it works, usually with permanent effects when left untreated. Initially, the individual embarks on his first drug trip out of curiosity and

Undersea Release of Methane Is Under Way Article Critique Essay

Undersea Release of Methane Is Under Way Article Critique - Essay Example Cornelia Dean has used an important subject of science for this article. Global warming is an issue of concern for the entire world and Dean has explained the new atmospheric changes that can worsen the situation and promote further warming of the environment. The article has been supported by the research work which has been carried out by different countries including Britain, Germany and the United States. This highlights the fact that the subject is essential for all the countries across the globe and scientists are working towards checking for the climatic changes of the world. The article portrays a new research which must be new to a large group of readers. Many people would be unaware with regard to the fact that undersea release of methane could be an ongoing process. The author has written the article in a very understandable way and the writer has provided evidence from different studies. Thus, the article is readable by the common man and it will be of further assistance to the people possessing scientific knowledge. Â  It also serves to explain the subject in a complete manner by providing a proper history of the release of methane gas into the atmosphere followed by the negative effects of increased amounts of the gas in the atmosphere. The article explains the entire global climatic situation which results from the release of methane gas into the atmosphere. It highlights the fact that the increase in methane gas in the atmosphere occurred following the era of industrialization.... He also explained that the release of methane from under the sea bed was not in great amounts but this situation could take a different turn. Cornelia Dean has used an important subject of science for this article. Global warming is an issue of concern for the entire world and Dean has explained the new atmospheric changes that can worsen the situation and promote further warming of the environment. The article has been supported by the research work which has been carried out by different countries including Britain, Germany and the United States. This highlights the fact that the subject is essential for all the countries across the globe and scientists are working towards checking for the climatic changes of the world. The article portrays a new research which must be new to a large group of readers. Many people would be unaware with regard to the fact that undersea release of methane could be an ongoing process. The author has written the article in a very understandable way and the writer has provided evidence from different studies. Thus, the article is readable by the common man and it will be of further assistance to the people possessing scientific knowledge. It also serves to explain the subject in a complete manner by providing a proper history of the release of methane gas into the atmosphere followed by the negative effects of increased amounts of the gas in the atmosphere. The article explains the entire global climatic situation which results from the release of methane gas into the atmosphere. It highlights the fact that the increase in methane gas in the atmosphere occurred following the era of industrialization and it continued to increase owing to the activities of man which include agricultural activities as well

Daycare Center Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Daycare Center - Case Study Example This high expense of a daycare is difficult for a parent to handle. A program called Children's Bureau also known as CCDF, is a form of relief for parents who for whom the cost of the daycare is a worry. However, the waiting list for CCDF is very long. When parents go out to look for a daycare, it becomes one of the most difficult tasks they have ever come across, as their child's security, safety, and management are of prime concern to them. Finding a daycare is stressful and tiresome as it is important to search for the best and the most qualified daycare facility available. Generally, the atmosphere at a daycare is cheerful and full of life. Apart from the general atmosphere of a daycare, it is necessary for parent to look into many more criteria. Some of the criteria that the parents should look into other than the cost are how well maintained the daycare is, it is important for the daycare to be clean and neat as the hygiene would affect the health of your child. Another criterion to look into is whether the staff is well trained or not. A well trained staff is required as it helps in the development of your child's learning ability. Another focus area is to check whether the staff and the daycare center focuses on learning s kills for your child and not just make your child play around. These are few things a parent should focus on when trying to decide on which is the best daycare center for their child. Looking for a daycare and then deciding on which is the best fit for your child can get frustrating as there is a huge variety of daycare centers available for you to choose from. As frustrating as it is, being patient while researching and deciding on the best daycare for your child is very important. This is primarily because the daycare lays the foundations for your child further education and behavior. It is also important to look for a daycare that fits your needs, not only with the atmosphere and above mentioned criteria but also with the time and the additional facilities provided. ABC Corner Day care is one of the latest day care centers established in 2006, and also offers Nursery. The day care is situated in Hermitage. ABC Corner is quite cost effective and offers excellent services, like Kindergarten, preschool, school age education, and the like. It offers a safe, home like environment and a friendly staff which makes the children feel very comfortable. The good quality of infrastructure is quite impressive; however the class rooms need to be improved. The friendly and safe environment allows the children to play, discover and explore at ABC Corner. It is an average day care and the parents can trust the well trained staff at this daycare. ABC Corner is one of the most trusted daycares in Hermitage. The security system is excellent and no unauthorized persons are allowed in the premises. ABC Corner focuses on giving quality services and in overall development of a child. One of the major concerns of ABC Corner childcare is the overall development of a child. The management believes that a child's urge to learn and explore should not be suppressed and they allow the children to take their own time in exploring, emoting and learning in their trusted environment. The children are not pressurized to select a subject which is not of their interest but the patient staff lets them understand the subjects and help them choose. "Adult caregivers have many roles as

Spasticity Following Stroke: a Literature Review

Spasticity Following Stroke: a Literature Review ABBREVIATIONS UMN: UPPER MOTOR NEURON SPASM: SUPPORT PROGRAMME FOR ASSEMBLY OF DATABASE FOR SPASTICITY MEASUREMENT CNS: CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM PMS: PASSIVE MUSCLE STRETCHING TS: TRICEPS SURAE TA: TIBIALIS ANTERIOR ROM: RANGE OF MOTION INTRODUCTION: Spasticity is a major disabling symptom that most commonly arises after stroke, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, some traumatic brain injuries and other central nervous system (CNS) lesion (Dietz and Sinkjaer 2007). Lesion of the cortico-fugal pathway along with the pyramidal tracts, at any level, like cortex, brainstem, internal capsule or spinal cord results in spasticity (Carr et al. 1995). The term spasticity was derived from the Greek word ‘spasticus’ meaning ‘to pull or to tug’ (Ghai et al. 2013). The definition of spasticity that has been formerly cited is that of Lance in 1980: ‘Spasticity is motor disorder characterised by a velocity dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes (muscle tone) with exaggerated tendon jerks, resulting from hyper-excitability of the stretch reflex, as one component of the upper motor neurone (UMN) syndrome.’(Brown 1994). Though this definition is useful for diagnosis, yet for the purpose of understan ding and managing the effects of inappropriate muscle actions after stroke, it is too restrictive (Bhakta 2000). Recently SPASM (Support Programme for Assembly of database for Spasticity Measurement) redefined spasticity as â€Å"disordered sensori-motor control, resulting from an UMN lesion, presenting as intermittent or sustained involuntary activation of muscles† (Mirbagheri et al. 2009). For the purpose of study the clinicians have divided the UMN syndrome into ‘positive’ and ‘negative’ effects. The characteristics of the negative features are loss of dexterity, weakness and easy fatigability on the other hand spasticity, increased tendon reflexes, extensor and flexor spasm, clonus etc are the features of positive UMN syndrome. The later definition of spasticity includes all the characteristics of positive UMN syndrome excluding its negative features and the biomechanical changes in the joints and soft tissues (Mirbagheri et al. 2009). The negati ve features of UMN syndrome are regarded to be more disabling than the positive features (Carr et al. 1995) but recent studies have showed that spasticity adds on to the impairment of function and to limitation of activity for the affected person (Bovend’Eerdt et al. 2008). The core feature of spasticity is increase in stretch reflex, manifested as hypertonus. Muscle tone is defined as the tension of a muscle due to involuntary contractions of its motor units; it is determined both by the passive elasticity of muscular tissues, the viscoelastic properties of the fibrillary proteins contained within each muscle fibre and by the active (though not continuous) contraction of muscle in response to the reaction of the nervous system (Grabowski and Tortora, 2003). Alternately active and inactive motor units help in maintaining normal tone in a muscle. Any imbalance in the input from central motor pathways like the cortico-reticulo-spinal and other descending pathways to the inter-neuronal circuit of spinal cord results in alteration in the involuntary contraction in a muscle. The main tract restricting the spinal reflex activity is the dorsal reticulospinal tract that runs along the lateral spino thalamic tract. It arises from the ventero medial reticular for mation which has less facilitatorty control over the cortical motor areas, thereby augmenting the inhibitory drive. The main excitatory pathway also arising in the brainstem is the medial reticulo spinal tract. Damage to these tracts give rise to a net loss of inhibitory control leading to increased alpha motor neurone excitability at the segmental cord level and subsequent increase in muscle tone. Several studies also claim that peripheral neural changes also contribute to the increased muscle tone. Muscle tone has two components, neural involving CNS and musculoskeletal, where muscles are involved (Barnes, M. P. et al. 2003). Both the components help in maintaining normal muscle tone. Normal tone is the slight amount of constant tension in the healthy muscles offering small resistance to displacement (Barnes, Michael P. and Johnson 2008). There is change in mechanical, visco-elastic properties of muscle fibres as a result of paresis and immobilisation after an UMN lesion. Activation of actin and myosin cross bridges also increases muscle tone (Lee et al, 2005). CNS and neural pathways maintain tone by overlapping actin and myosin filaments on muscle contraction. Insufficient contraction results in decreased muscle tone due to insufficient development of tension (Grabowski and Tortora 2003). Through the phasic and tonic stretch reflexes the muscle spindle plays an important role in regulating the muscle tone (Cameron-Tucker 1983). These muscle spindles can be adjusted in terms of their response to stretching. Spasticity is generated due to the over activity of the alpha motor neurons. Over activity occurs when the monosynaptic input via Ia afferent fibres and polysynaptic afferent input via the Golgi tendon organs and cutaneous receptors loose descending inhibition from the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia, which is relayed through the dorsal and medial reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts. Spinal inter-neurons are responsible for presynaptic and reciprocal inhibition of Ia fibres. Due to the loss of this inhibition inappropriate muscle co-contraction occur disabling voluntary limb movement (Bhakta 2000). The course of development of both cerebral and spinal spasticity after an insult is slow in humans, except for the cases of high brain stem lesion like traumatic brain injury where the increase in the tone is immediate (Carr et al. 1995). The time gap between the injury and appearance of spasticity may vary from days to months, depending upon the level of lesion (Ghai et al. 2013). The effect of spasticity ranges from mild muscle stiffness to severe, very painful and uncontrollable muscle spasm. If left untreated spasticity gives rise to many problems like pain, spasm, contracture and deformity leading to a loss of mobility and dexterity, problem in self hygiene, inability to wear orthotics hence resulting in decreased functioning, participation and low self esteem (Ghai et al. 2013). A multidisciplinary approach is required for the effective management of spasticity taking into consideration other variables that might affect treatment outcome. Aim of treatment should include prevention of abnormal limb or trunk posture and facilitation of movement in the context of functional activities (Bhakta 2000). Secondary to the neural changes there are dramatic changes of the structural and mechanical properties of the spastic muscle. A review conducted by Jared et al. concluded that the following changes occur in a spastic muscle: a) alteration of the size of muscle fibre and the type of fibre distribution; b) morphologically and biomechanically measured there is proliferation of extracellular matrix material; c) increased stiffness in the spastic cell muscle; d) compared to the normal muscle there is inferior mechanical properties of extra cellular matrix in the spastic muscle (Foran et al. 2005). As a management of spasticity the researchers have tried to alter the motor neuron excitability by many interventions like electrical stimulation (Bajd et al. 1985), pressure (Leone and Kukulka 1988), muscle tapping (Belanger et al. 1989), vibration (Gillies et al. 1969), cooling (Bell and Lehmann 1987), massage (Sullivan et al. 1991) and stretch (Kunkel et al. 1993, Avela et al. 1999). Among all of these, stretching has been intensively used as it is safe, economical and convenient (Tsai, KUEN-HORNG et al. 2001). Stretching is the process of applying tension to the soft tissue structures like muscle, tendon, and vascular, dermal, connective, neural tissues for elongation. Stretching can be applied mechanically (example- with dynamometer or an intelligent feedback control device) offering well controlled intervention and manually, which is difficult to standardise but represents clinical practice better. Stretching changes the viscoelastic, structural and excitatory property of the muscle. (Nielsen et al. 2007). However many neural as well as non neural property of stretching remains unclear. Stretching aims on decreasing muscle tone, maintain or increase soft tissue extensibility leading to improvement in function (Barnes, Michael P. and Johnson 2008). Lots of variation can be done while implementing stretching as an intervention. The amount of tension, the duration of the stretch, the velocity of stretch, the number of repetition can all be varied. LITERATURE REVIEW: A study was done by Harvey et al. in the year 2000 on the â€Å"Effects Of Four Weeks Of Daily Stretching On Ankle Mobility In Patients With Spinal Cord Injuries†. 14 recently injured subjects with paraplegia and quadriplegia were taken from two spinal injury units in Sydney, Australia. Their ankle was stretched into dorsiflexion, continuously for 30 minutes with a torque of 7.5 Nm for every weekday, for 4 consecutive weeks. The main outcome measure was measuring the torque angle in knee flexed and extended position. Measurements were taken pre-test and post test. Post test measurements were also taken thrice I,e, during the study (2nd week), just after the study (4th week) and one week after the study (5th week). Intervention was given by a custom made stretching device that is able to give ankle stretch. The baselines of all the subjects were same. The result showed that even after stretching for a longer time than usual there was no significant difference in the post test value in any of the three parameters from pre test. Hence the study concluded that there is no significant change in ankle mobility after 30 minutes of stretching for 4 weeks in SCI patients. The strength of the study is good, with random allocation, blinding of assessor, similar baseline of all the subjects but the intervention device needed to be more standardised. The study has a score of 8 on PEDro scale of assessment. A study by Tsai et al. 2001 examined the effect of a single session of prolonged muscle stretch (PMS) on the spastic muscle. 17 spastic hemiplegic patients were selected for the study and as an intervention PMS was given on the triceps surae (TS) muscles by standing on the tilt table with feet dorsiflexed for 30 minutes. Here the outcome measures were Modified Ashworth scale of the TS, the H/M ratio of TS and the F/M ratio of tibialis anterior (TA) and passive range of motion (ROM) of ankle dorsiflexion,. The measurements were taken pre test, post test and 45 minutes after the test. ROM was measured with a goniometer and electromiograph was used to perform nerve stimulation and reflex recording. The results showed non-significant difference in the Modified Ashworth scale, significant change in the ROM of ankle dorsiflexion, F/M ratio and H/M ratio. There was increase in the passive ROM of the ankle dorsiflexion post treatment compared to pre treatment, additionally PMS reduced motor neuron excitability of the TS and increased that of TA in the post treatment. There was no significant difference of result with in immediate post test and 45 minutes after post test. The study was well written but the sample size was too small. The age of the effected patients varied from 33 till 79 years which is a very wide range and the acuteness of the patients varied from 4.5 months post attack to 79.6 months post attack. These factors may cause a problem while generalising the results and the amount of stiffness may vary with the duration of illness. Bressel and McNair (2002) did a study to compare prolonged static stretch with cyclic stretching on ankle joint stiffness, torque relaxation and gait in stroke patients. 10 community dwelling people were randomly allocated into two groups; one of the groups received single session of static stretch and the other cyclic stretch of the calf muscle for 30 minutes. There was a washout period for one week and then the group interventions were exchanged. The interventions were given by an isokinetic dynamometer that measured the torques and the angles also. Before and after treatment the time taken to walk 10 m was taken and stiffness of the ankle joint was calculated from the slope of the torque and angle curves before and immediately after the treatments. Over the 30 minutes stretch the percentage of the decrease in peak passive torque was the torque relaxation achieved. Results showed that there was significant decrease in ankle stiffness in both the intervention but there was not much significant difference between the post test values of the two interventions. The amount of torque relaxation was 53% greater in static stretching than that of cyclic stretching. And the 10 m walk duration did not have any significant difference pre and post test. The sample size of the study was very small to generalise the results and the wash over period between the two sessions were of just one week. Since the prolonged effect of the stretching is unknown hence it can’t be commented that whether there was any residual effect of the previous session that may have affected the results of the second session. Nowhere in the study blinding was done hence there may be a chance of being bias from the assessor. The baselines of both the groups were not similar. A study by Yeh et al. (2005) compared the effectiveness of constant-torque prolonged muscle stretching (PMS) treatment in subjects with ankle hypertonia. The study design was a pre and post test analysis. 30 subjects suffering from hemiplegia and calf muscle hypertonia were given stretching device using a motor driven stretching device for 30 minutes in constant torque or constant angle mode. The main outcome measures were Modified Ashworth scale, passive range of motion and viscoelastic property of the planter flexors were measured pre and post treatment. Result showed significant improvement in all the measures, but the in the viscoelastic component the constant torque showed more evident changes compared to the constant angle measure. This study proved that there is significant reduction in spasticity after a single session of PMS. The methodology of the study was appropriate and the analysis of the data leading to the result was done well. the study also mention about the future scope of study by changing the mode of stretch from constant to intermittent. Neither the subjects, nor the assessor was blinded in the study, so the question of bias remains. A systemic review done by Bovend’Eerdt et al. (2008) was the first review done on the effects of stretching in spasticity. Studies were taken from databases like Medline, Cochrane library, CINHAL, Web of Science, PEDro and Alied and Complementary medicine for review. 10 RCTs and 11 clinical trials were assessed. Randomised control trails were assessed on PEDro scale for methodologic quality and the other clinical trials were assessed using data extraction form containing 13 items from CASP guidelines and CONSORT statement. The methodological qualities of the RCTs were low and there was a huge diversity on the methodology, intervention, population etc. Both manual and mechanical stretching was given. The review concludes as there is not much evidence on the basis of which the review can say if stretching on spasticity has its clinical benefit. A recent study by Gao et al. (2011) aims to investigate the changes occurring in biomechanical properties of the calf muscle–tendon unit after controlled ankle stretching in stroke survivors. Comparison was done between 10 stroke patients with ankle spasticity/contracture in one group and ten healthy subjects in the control group. 60 minute ankle stretching was given as an intervention to both the groups. Joint biomechanical properties like resistance torque, index of hysteresis and stiffness were evaluated pre- and post-intervention. Length of Achilles tendon was measured with ultrasonography. The force output of the triceps surae muscles was given in torque–angle relationship, by stimulating the calf muscles at a definite intensity across different ankle positions. The device used for intervention was an ankle stretching device with intelligent control (the velocity of stretching was inversely proportional to the joint resistance torque) was used. Pre test the stroke survivors showed significantly higher resistance torques and joint stiffness, which were to a large extent reduced after the stretching intervention, especially in dorsiflexion. Stretching also significantly improved the force production of the impaired calf muscles in stroke population under matched stimulations, along with the ankle ROM. The study interpreted that at the joint level, repeated stretching leads to increased passive ROM and decreased joint stiffness; at the muscle–tendon level, calf muscle force output improved. The study provided evidence of improvement in muscle tendon properties through stretching intervention. Apart from the small sample size the study was well written and the methodology was well described. DISCUSSION: Spasticity is a disabling and often painful condition that occur secondary to the UMN lesion that leads to hypertonicity, exaggerated reflexes, weakness of muscle and loss of dexterity. Spasticity has both neural and non neural components. Stretching is a very commonly used intervention used in clinical physiotherapy. But stretching and spasticity together is a very complicated concept. From the articles reviewed one can conclude that stretching does have a positive effect on spasticity, but its effect on the neural component of spasticity alone is yet not proved. In this study the stretching that has been described are mechanical stretches, but there are various other form of stretches given through splinting, plaster cast, weights which could not be discussed because of their low level of evidence. Many studies could not be included because there stretching was combined with strengthening, stimulation, passive motion etc. Even among the articles taken in this study there is heterog eneity in methodology of stretching, its duration, the type of stretch and even the outcome measures used. Inspite of being a component in the definition none of the articles investigated spasticity by using different velocities of displacement. Due to so much of diversity it is tough to comment on which mode of stretching is most beneficial for spasticity. To come down to a conclusion, future studies are needed to be done to find a standardised protocol of stretching for spasticity. In the future studies the outcome measure should be chosen carefully and intervention should be planed keeping the aim of the study in mind. CONCLUSION: The studies taken in this review shows a great diversity in respect to methodology, intervention, population and outcome measures. Though from the reviewed articles it can be said that stretching is effective for spasticity but there is need of good quality of studies to decide on a stretching protocol, its long term and short term effects and to come down to a conclusion as to which type of stretching is most effective in spasticity . TOTAL WORD COUNT IS 2978.

The 1820 Missouri Compromise Essay -- essays research papers fc

The 1820 Missouri Compromise Slavery and the Civil War Research Task- Describe the role of the 1820 Missouri Compromise in the campaign against slavery! The 1820 Missouri Compromise played a large role in the campaign against slavery. In 1819 Missouri became a statehood and congress considered framing a state constitution, with this a representative attempted to add a anti-slavery legislation with it. This is what started the process of the campaign against slavery. Henry Clay made a large contribution toward this compromise in 1820, with his new ideas on how to settle the conflict between the North and the South, which lasted until 1954.All the compromise’s made from 1820's to the Kansas Nebraska compromise in 1854, were all factors which led to the civil war. The state constitution in 1819, was what began of this compromise when James Tallmadge, a representative from New York attempted to add a anti- slavery amendment to the legislation. This gave a ugly and conflicted debate over slavery and the governments rights to restrict slavery. This Tallmadge amendment restricted all further introduction of slaves into Missouri and provided setting free once they reached the age of 25.This legislation was not passed, as the House of Representatives which was controlled by the North passed the idea, but it failed in the Senate which was equally divided between the North and the South. Although the legislation didn’t pass it led to Henry Clay taking it on when Maine became a free state. When Maine became a free state, the plan was largely that of Henry Clay who became known as the ‘Great Compromiser.’ Before there was a Compromise, there was a lot of controversy as there was always a equal amount of free states and slaves states since 1789, if Maine was to become a free state (which was highly unavoidable as slaves started to migrate into Missouri and the West of Mississippi), there became a unbalance. This issue was resolved through a two-part compromise, the northern part of Massachuset became known as Maine and was made a free state, at the same time Missouri was a slave state which would once again maintain a balance of 12 slave and 12 free states. In addition to this, a line was drawn at 36 degrees 30 minutes North latitude, and any sections of Louisiana territory lying North of the compromise would be free. This act also pr... ...ving twice been a resident on Free soil. The lower court and the Missouri Supreme Court ruled against him; and the case went to the US Supreme Court. The Chief Justice Rodger Taney declared that the Missouri Compromise, was unconstitutional and the congress didn’t have the power. The issue of slavery, once again, made war sound as if it couldn’t be avoided. The 1820 Missouri Compromise was known as highly dangerous and conflicting as it was trying to keep an equal balance of Free and slave-holding states between the North and the South, although the compromise did play a vital role in withholding the peace between the North and the South until the new compromise in 1854 came about. The Missouri compromise was said that it with held the Civil War for over three decades and it played a vital role in the start of the abolition of slavery in America. Bibliography- Word Count- 1112 Internet Sites Used- http://www.rosecity.net/civilwar/capesites/warmap.html - Sat 12 February, Time 12:42-1:09pm http://colfa.utsa.edu:16080/users/jreynolds/Textbooks/Abolition/Abolitionists%20Mussey.htm Sat 12 February, Time 12:12-12:56pm. Books Used

Climate Change Mitigation

Climate change mitigation is the action to reduce the intensity of radiative forcing in order to reduce the effects of global warming (IPCC, 2006). Climate change mitigation can be done through several means such as developing alternative energy which includes renewable and nuclear energy, decreasing the carbon intensity of fossil fuel through carbon capture and sequestering, reforestation and also simply by conserving energy.Based on the cost-benefit analysis of each methods, I believe that the effectiveness and practically of each methods can be ranked, in decreasing order, as such – (1) Reducing energy use by conservation (2) Developing renewable energy (3) Carbon capture and sequestering (4) Building more nuclear power plant and lastly (5) Reforestation. The most cost effective and practical way to mitigate climate change is through conservation of energy. Energy conservation encompasses using less energy, for example through behavioural change and using energy efficient i nnovations and designs.Energy conservation focuses on reducing our dependence on fossil fuels thus lowering the amount of carbon emissions generated by human activities. Unlike the other mitigation methods, energy conservation usually does not require huge investment cost and in the long run can also bring about cost savings to both the individuals and organisations. For instance, by switching from using CFLs to LED lights, one can experience a 100% annual cost savings as the annual operating cost of CFLs is twice that of the annual operating cost of LED lights (Design Recycle Inc, 2011).Energy conservation is also the most practical way for us to fight against climate change because it enables us to reduce our resource inputs to the economy, thus, it ensures that the non-renewable resources available will be able to support human activities for a longer period of time. Despite being the most cost-effective and practical way for climate change mitigation, it is definitely not an eas y task to effect energy conservation programs. Strict government regulations will have to be enforced to ensure that every organisation comply with ‘green standards’.Educational programs and price signals (high electricity cost) will have to be in place to bring about a behavioural change amongst every individual for successful energy conservation. Developing renewable energy ranks next after energy conservation in terms of its effectiveness and practicality. In 2006, about 19% of the global electricity is generated from renewable sources such as hydropower, wind and solar-generated energy (REN21, 2006). This indicates the effectiveness in developing renewable energy as it is able to contribute a reasonable amount of electricity to supplement human activities.Furthermore, the development of renewable energy as an alternative form of energy can help to reduce our dependence on fossil fuel, hence, reducing carbon emissions in the long run. However, developing renewable en ergy pales in terms practically as it often requires huge investment cost yet the amount of energy that can be generated is often variable and less efficient as compared to combusting fossil fuels. For instance, installation of a highly efficient solar cell can cost more than $1000, and some households may need more than one solar cell.This makes the initial installation of solar panels very costly and solar panels are only able to generate electricity during daylight hours. This means for around half of each day, solar panels are not producing energy for your home (Clean Energy Ideas, 2007). Hence, it may not be very practical to focus on developing renewable energy so as to mitigate climate change. However, it is definitely important to continue developing and finding new ways to improve on the current renewable energy technology so that renewable energy can be more affordable and reliable in the near future.Although carbon capture and sequestering (CCS) do not help to reduce our dependence on fossil fuel, it is however still effective in reducing climate change. It is estimated that CCS could contribute between 10% and 55% of the cumulative worldwide carbon-mitigation effort over the next 90 years (Robinson, 2010). Though it requires up to 40% more energy to run a CCS coal power plant than a regular coal plant, CCS could potentially capture about 90% of all the carbon emitted by the plant.As of late 2011, the total Carbon Dioxide storage capacity of all 14 projects in operation or under construction is broadly equivalent to preventing the emissions from more than six million cars from entering the atmosphere each year (Global CCS Institute, 2011). This indicates the effectiveness of CCS in reducing the impact of human activities on the environment as large amounts of our outputs can be captured and stored safely to prevent emission back to the atmosphere.However, unlike the first two options of energy conservation and developing renewable energy, CCS may no t be effective in the long run as it does not reduce our dependence on burning fossil fuel. Due to the huge investment costs involved in building CCS operations, less developed countries may not be able to afford such technologies. Therefore, it will be a more practical option for developed countries to adopt so as to reduce their carbon emissions contributed by industrial activities.Despite the effectiveness of nuclear power plants in generating energy for human activities, it is not a very practical option to build more nuclear power plants due to safety concerns. The fact that nuclear power plants currently supply around 15% of the world’s electricity illustrates the effectiveness of the project. In countries like France where 75% of their electricity is derived from nuclear power plants (World Nuclear Association, 2013), constant development and improvement of nuclear power plants is inevitable.However, developing more nuclear power plants may not a practical way to help mitigate climate change despite its ability to help reduce our dependence on burning fossil fuels. First, developing nuclear power plants requires high investment which includes the construction cost, operation cost, and also the cost of plant decommissioning and nuclear waste storage cost. Second, nuclear power plants are susceptible to natural disasters, military attacks and operational error.For example, the tsunami in Fukushima Japan has led to the meltdown of the reactors which caused chemical explosions to occur, releasing radioactive materials into the environment (CBS News, 2011). Nuclear power plants have also become a potential target for military attacks as illustrated by the frequent bombings of nuclear power plants in the Middle East region (Sovacool, 2011). Such nuclear accidents can have a long term effect on the organisms living in vicinity of the nuclear power plants. As such, taking into account the probability of occurrence of such accidents, it is not practical f or countries to develop more nuclear power plants.Reforestation ranks last in terms of effectiveness and practically. Although reforestation facilitates biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide and rebuilds habitat for organisms at the same time, it is however, impractical for reforestation to be carried out in large scale. First, as many countries move towards urbanization, it is unlikely that sufficient space will be available for reforestation to be conducted at a scale that can bring about a tangible reduction in atmospheric carbon dioxide. Second, reforestation requires long term investment as it takes time for the plants and trees to grow.At the rate at which human activities generates carbon emissions, reforestation will be ineffective in capturing carbon dioxide at a comparable rate that can decrease the level of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Instead of reforestation, avoiding deforestation will be a more feasible way and effective way to mitigate climate change. In conc lusion, to effectively mitigate climate change, proposals need to look at either reducing our carbon emissions by decreasing our dependence on burning fossil fuel or clearing up the carbon emissions which we have emitted to the atmosphere.In the long run, proposals that can reduce our dependence on burning fossil fuel will be a more effective method as it reduces the amount of carbon emissions to the atmosphere, hence, energy conservation and developing renewable energy is ranked as the top two means to mitigate climate changes. Although carbon capture does not reduce our dependence on fossil fuel, it nevertheless is an effective way in the short run, for us to store carbon emissions before we can develop cheaper ways to harness renewable energy and before we can successful implement energy conservation programs.Due to the safety concerns related to developing nuclear power plants, such developments need to be exercise with caution. Countries should also look at imposing laws to avo id deforestation rather than carrying out reforestation projects that may not be as effective and practical in mitigating climate changes. Works Cited CBS News. (2011, May 14). Worker dies at damaged Fukushima nuclear plant. Retrieved March 20, 2013, from CBS News: http://www. cbsnews. com/stories/2011/05/14/501364/main20062987. shtml Clean Energy Ideas. (2007). Pros and Cons of Solar Energy. Retrieved March 19, 2013, from Clean Energy Ideas: http://www. lean-energy-ideas. com/articles/pros_and_cons_of_solar_energy. html Design Recycle Inc. (2011). Comparison Chart. Retrieved March 13, 2013, from Design Recycle Inc: http://www. designrecycleinc. com/led%20comp%20chart. html Global CCS Institute. (2011). The Global Status of CCS: 2011. Canberra, Australia: Global CCS Institute. IPCC. (2006). Glossary. Retrieved March 13, 2013, from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: http://www. ipcc. ch/pdf/glossary/ar4-wg3. pdf REN21. (2006). Changing Climates, The role of renewable energy i n carbon-constrained world. REN21. Robinson, S. (2010, January 22). Cutting Carbon: Should We Capture and Store

Art and Human Nature Essay Example

Art and Human Nature Essay Example Art and Human Nature Essay Art and Human Nature Essay When discoursing art it has continuously been examined how much it is applied to human nature. In The Art Instinct by Denis Dutton he spend an full chapter discoursing the colours between the two. Art can be seen in human nature through its history. it’s comparing to linguistic communication. and its creative activity from worlds through genetic sciences and their inclinations. Language has ever been considered a portion of human nature. All civilization through all ages has some mode of linguistic communication. Though it changes throughout the universe with over six thousand known types. the cosmopolitan ability to pass on is unquestionable Despite vocabulary and surface grammar differences †¦ linguistic communications are neer reciprocally incommensurable †¦ This is possible because linguistic communication construction is shared across civilizations and because linguistic communications are ties to cosmopolitan prelinguistic involvements. desires. demands. and capacities ( 30 ) . Language is cross-cultural and though the idiosyncrasy and address are different they are all built-in in their ability. At the same clip one can non reason that each linguistic communication and gesture changed throughout the different civilization. This is how linguistic communication can be considered so cosmopolitan in human nature. Art can be said to hold the same catholicity of linguistic communication. Like linguistic communication it has transcended through all civilizations and history. Different civilizations all express them in a different manner. and though everyone doesn’t needfully understand all others civilizations art. it is still a human universals. Besides similar linguistic communication. art has the innate ability throughout all societies. Art in many manner is really comparable to the human nature of linguistic communication The field of natural linguistic communications resembles the field of art considered cross-culturally: both exhibit an interplay between. on the one manus. deep. unconditioned constructions and mechanisms of rational and emotional like and. on the other manus. a huge ocean of historically contingent cultural materials ( 31 ) . With these many colours art appears basically connected to human nature. This thought that art has colour with human nature has been around throughout history. Plato though jilted art as a signifier of cognition. he still admitted it connexion with nature. He saw art as an imitation of nature. which was already the imitation of the Forms. which make up our true world. This he felt was disenchantment. which brought out the worst imposts of human nature. Either it represented a deceptive position of our universe in the sense of the beauty ever found in art. but non in true world. Or that it feeds our most basic inherent aptitudes From a Platonic point of position. much of the violent amusement offered by dramatic signifier – from the theatre of the Greeks to the force and carnal passions of today’s amusement media †¦ For Plato. the humanistic disciplines at their worst are bad for the psyche because they engage and reward its basest elements ( 32 ) . Though you sense that Plato fears the unsafe of the humanistic disciplines. this is merely because he admits the inherit nature of it. Aristotle nevertheless has quiet a different sentiment of art. He realized that with the assortment in art it provides awareness into the human status. In his plants on play and poesy he demonstrates that impact that art has had throughout the civilization and history of his ain society. Besides he argues for the natural inclination that world has to stand for themselves with art expresses the unconditioned nature of it Human existences are born image-makers and image-enjoyers ( 33 ) . Though the thought behind art and its connect between human nature is non ever the same. it has existed during the class of history. Like art. human nature itself has been questioned on wither it is genuinely natural or has evolved over clip and civilizations. With the development of adult male many of human inherent aptitudes has developed over clip. Natural choice over 1000s of coevalss have helped hones many accomplishments needed to last throughout mankind’s beings. These effects over many coevalss can be considered portion of what makes up human nature pressure over 1000s of coevalss can deeply scratch a physical and psychological traits into the heads of any species ( 42 ) . However it can besides be argued that much of natural inherent aptitudes come from our societal nature. There is ever the built-in hunter-gather sense that all worlds have. but on the other side are the societal inclinations we all have in common Human existences. for illustration. are funny about their neighbours. like to dish the dirt about them. feel for their bad lucks and envy their successes. Peoples everyplace tell prevarications. justify and apologize their ain behaviour. overstate their selflessness. Human existences like to expose and mock the false pretentions of others. They enjoy playing games. stating gags. and utilizing poetic linguistic communication ( 45-46 ) . This societal nature can be seen as innate within all civilizations. Both this and familial sensitivities of worlds is what human nature is derived from. This is where Dutton true statement comes full circle. Human nature no affair its beginnings is what makes up worlds and all that they create. With our natural inherent aptitudes we developed many inclinations. and theories. Our history as humanity we have gone through many things such as endurance. non merely those from the environment. but from the societal forces that surrounds us. All of this is what genuinely makes up human nature. and from all this is where we create art. This is what makes worlds what they are. and with that what they feel inspired to make no affair the civilization and its signifier of art. This is how he grounds that art is human nature finally produced the intensely societal. robust. love-making. homicidal †¦ knowledge- seeking. reasoning. clubby. language-using. conspicuously uneconomical. various species of archpriest we became. And along the manner in developing all this. the humanistic disciplines were born ( 46 ) . Since art is derived from all that is human nature how can itself non be human nature. Through its colours with linguistic communication. the history. and the effects that human genetic sciences and societal inclinations have had art can be considered to be a portion of human nature. Art like human nature has transcended throughout all of mankind’s being. Wither art will of all time be considered a portion of human nature. its impact on worlds non merely through history but civilization can non be denied. Dutton. Denis. The Art Instinct: Beauty. Pleasure. A ; Human Evolution. Array New York: Bloomsbury Press. 2009.

Meanings of French Homophones

Meanings of French Homophones Homophones are words that have the same pronunciation but different meanings and, sometimes, spellings. Therefore, French homophones can cause difficulties in oral comprehension and spelling. These pages should help you to understand the difference between the most common French homophones. French Homophones: A a - first letter of the French alphabeta - third person singular conjugation of avoir (to have)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il a une question - He has a question (preposition) - to, at, in  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je vais la banque - Im going to the bankabaisse(s) - singular conjugations of abaisser (to lower)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Abaisse le drapeau - Lower the flagune abaisse - rolled-out pastry  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jai fait une abaisse de 5 mm - I rolled out the pastry to 5 mmune abbesse - abbess  Ã‚  Ã‚  Labbesse habite au couvent - The abbess lives in the conventaccro - (inf adj) hooked, addictedun accro - addict, lover  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je suis accro de franà §ais - Im a French lover/addictun accroc - tear, blotai - first person singular present indicative conjugation of avoir (to have)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jai une idà ©e - I have an ideaaie - first person singular subjunctive of avoiraient - third person plural subjunctive of avoiraies - second person singular subjunctive of avoirait - third person singular subjunctive of avoires - second person singular present indicative of à ªtre (to be)est - third person singular present indicative of à ªtreet - (conjunction) and  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il est grand et beau - He is tall and handsomeun aide - male assistant  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je vais embaucher un aide - Im going to hire an assistantune aide - help, assistance, female assistant  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jai besoin de votre aide - I need your helpair, aire - see rune amande - almond  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jaime bien la pà ¢te aux amandes - I really like almond pasteune amende - fine  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tu dois payer une amende de 50 euros - You have to pay a 50-euro finean - year  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jhabite ici depuis un an - Ive lived here for a yearen (adverbial pronoun) - of it/them  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jen veux trois - I want three of themen (preposition) - to, in  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je vais en France - Im going to Franceaoà »t - August  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il ny a pas de cours en aoà »t - There are no classes in AugustHou ! - Boo! une houe - hoele houx - hollyou (coordinating conjunction) - or  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cest toi ou moi ? - Is it your turn or mine?oà ¹ (relative pronoun) - where  Ã‚  Ã‚  Oà ¹ vas-tu ? - Where are you going?au (contraction of le) - to the  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je vais au marchà © - Im going to the marketaux - to the (contraction of les)eau - watero - the letter ooh (interjection) - ohaussità ´t (adverb) - immediately  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aussità ´t dit, aussità ´t fait - No sooner said than doneaussi tà ´t - as/so early  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jarriverai aussi tà ´t que possible - I will arrive as early as possibleun autel - altar  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il y a toujours des fleurs sur lautel - There are always flowers on the altarun hà ´tel - hotel  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je cherche un hà ´tel Paris - Im looking for a hotel in Parisun auteur - author  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cest un auteur connu - Hes a well-known authorune hauteur - height  Ã‚  Ã‚  Quelle est la hauteur de la porte ? - How tall is the door?un avocat - avocadoun avocat - lawyer B b - the second letter of the alphabetbà ©e - open-mouthed  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il reste bouche bà ©e - He is standing open-mouthed (in wonder)bai (horse) - bayune baie - bay  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jhabite prà ¨s de la baie - I live near the bayune baie - berryun bar - bar/pub  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il y a un bar amà ©ricain prà ¨s dici - Theres an American bar nearbyun bar - bass  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je ne sais pas prà ©parer le bar - I dont know how to prepare bassune barre - bar (rod), barre, helm  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pourquoi y a-t-il une barre ici ? - Why is there a bar here?(un) Beur - (informal) second-generation North African (verlan of Arabe)le beurre - butterbois - first and second person singular of boire (to drink)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je ne bois pas dalcool - I dont drink alcoholle bois - wood  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nous avons un four bois - We have a wood stoveboit - third person singular of boirela boue - mudle bout - tipun boum - bang, explosion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Et puis boum ! tout est tombà © - And then boom! everything fell downun boum - ( familiar) success  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je nai jamais vu un tel boum - Ive never seen such (incredible) successle boum - (familiar) activity  Ã‚  Ã‚  La fà ªte est en plein boum - The partys in full swingune boum - (informal) party  Ã‚  Ã‚  La boum commence 22h - The party starts at 10pmun brin - blade (of grass)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Le chien a mangà © un brin dherbe - The dog ate a blade of grassun brin - (informal) a bit  Ã‚  Ã‚  Un brin plus haut, sil te plaà ®t - A bit higher, pleasebrun - dark-haired  Ã‚  Ã‚  Le brun est plus beau que le blond - The dark-haired man is more handsome than the blondNote: These two words arent homophones for everyone; some French speakers make a distinction between in and un. bu - past participle of of boirele but - goal (note that some people pronounce the final t)   C c  - letter of the  French alphabetces  (demonstrative adjective) - these  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jaime ces fleurs  - I like these flowerscest  - it/this is  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cest difficile de trouver un bon emploi  - Its hard to find a good jobsais  - first and second person singular present indicative of  savoir  (to know)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je ne sais pas  - I dont knowsait  - third person singular present indicative of  savoirses  (possessive adjective) - his, her, its  Ã‚  Ã‚  Voici ses livres  - Here are his/her bookssest  - reflexive pronoun  se   third person singular of  Ãƒ ªtre  (to be)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il sest dà ©j habillà ©Ã‚  - He already got dressedà §a  indefinite demonstrative pronoun  - it, that  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je naime pas à §a  - I dont like thatsa  (possessive adjective) - his, her, its  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cest sa sÅ“ur  - Thats his/her sistercar  (conjunction) - since, for  Ã‚  Ã‚  La rà ©union fut annulà ©e car le prà ©sident est malade  - The meeting was canceled since the president is sickun  quart  - quarter  Ã‚  Ã‚  un kilo et quart  - one and a quarter kilosce  (indefinite demonstrative pronoun) - this, it  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ce doit à ªtre un bon restaurant  - This must be a good restaurantse  -  reflexive pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il se là ¨ve huit heures  - He gets up at 8 oclockcelle  - see  selcen  -  contraction  of  ce  Ã‚  en  (adverbial pronoun)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cen est trop  - This is too muchcent  - one hundred  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jai cent dollars  - I have a hundred dollarsle  sang  - blood  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il y a du sang sur ta chemise  - Theres blood on your shirtsans  (preposition) - without  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je suis sorti sans manger  - I went out without eatingsen  -  se  Ã‚  en  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il sen venait tranquillement  - He was approaching unhurriedlysens  - first and second person singular of  sentir  (to feel, smell)sent  - third person singular of  sentir  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒâ €¡a sent bon !   - That smells good!censà ©Ã‚  - supposed to  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je suis censà © partir midi  - Im supposed to leave at noonsensà ©Ã‚  - sensible  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cest un homme sensà ©Ã‚  - Hes a sensible mancest   vowel or mute h (due to  liaison)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cest une bonne idà ©e  - Thats a good ideacet  - masculine  demonstrative adjective  in front of a vowel/mute h  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cet homme est beau  - That man is handsomecette  -  feminine demonstrative adjective  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cette femme est belle  - That woman is beautifulsept  - seven  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jai sept chats  - I have seven catssest   vowel or mute h  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il sest habillà © tout seul  - He got dressed all by himselfSà ¨te  - a village in southern Francecà ©tait  - it was  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cà ©tait formidable  - It was greatsà ©tait  -  se   third person singular  imperfect  of  Ãƒ ªtre  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il sà ©tait dà ©j levà ©Ã‚  - He had already gotten upsà ©taient  -  se   third pe rson plural imperfect of  Ãƒ ªtre  Ã‚  Ã‚  Elles sà ©taient habillà ©es  - They had gotten dressedla  chair  - fleshla  chaire  - pulpit, post, (university) chair  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ils vont crà ©er une chaire darabe  - Theyre going to create a chair of Arabiccher  - dear, expensive  Ã‚  Ã‚  un cher ami  - a dear friendchÅ“ur  - choir, chorus  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jaimerais bien à ©couter le chÅ“ur  - Id really like to listen to the choircÅ“ur  - heart  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il a le cÅ“ur malade  - He has a weak heartchouette  - great, nice  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je laime bien, elle est chouette  - I really like her, shes greatchouette  - owl  Ã‚  Ã‚  As-tu vu la chouette hier soir ?   - Did you see the owl last night?-ci  - this (suffix)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cet arbre-ci est plus joli que celui-l  - This tree is prettier than that onescie  - saw  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il doit acheter une nouvelle scie  - He needs to buy a new sawsi  - if  Ã‚  Ã‚  Si tu es prà ªt...  - If youre ready...si  - yes (in response to a negative  question)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tu ne viens pas ? Si !  - Arent you coming? Yes!six  - sixsy  -  se  Ã‚  y  (adverbial pronoun)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il est temps de sy mettre  - Its time to get on with itun  compte  - account, count, calculationun  comte  - count  Ã‚  Ã‚  Le Comte de Monte Cristo  - The Count of Monte Cristoun  conte  - storycool  - cool  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒâ€¡a cest cool  - Thats coolcoule(s)  - singular indicative conjugations of  couler  (to run, flow)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Le Rhà ´ne coule du nord au sud  - The Rhone flows from north to southle  cou  - neck  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pourquoi les girafes ont-ils de longs cous ?  - Why do giraffes have long necks?le  coup  - blow  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il a pris un coup sur la tà ªte  - He took a blow to the headle  coà »t  - cost  Ã‚  Ã‚  le coà »t de la vie  - the cost of livingla  cour  - yard, courtyard  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je vais planter des fleurs dans la cour  - Im going to plant some flowers in the yardle  cours  - course  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jai bien aimà © ce cours  - I really liked this coursecourt  - short  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ce chemin est plus court  - This way is shorterle  court  - tennis courtle  cul  - assq  - letter of the  French alphabetle  cygne  - swan  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jai vu un cygne sur là ©tang  - I saw a swan on the pondle  signe  - sign, gesture  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je ne comprends pas le signe que tu as fait  - I dont understand the sign you made D d  - letter of the  French alphabetun  dà ©Ã‚  - thimble, die  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jai besoin de deux dà ©s  - I need two dicedes  (indefinite article) - somedes  (partitive article) - somedes  (contraction of  de  Ã‚  les) - of/about thedans  (preposition) - in  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cest dans le tiroir  - Its in the drawerden  -  preposition  de  Ã‚  en  (adverbial pronoun)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nous navons pas fini den parler  - We havent finished talking about itune  dent  - tooth  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je me brosse les dents  - Im brushing my teethdavantage  - more  Ã‚  Ã‚  En voulez-vous davantage ?  - Would you like some more?davantage  -  de avantage  (advantage)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ce poste manque davantages  - This job doesnt have (many) advantagesde  (preposition) - of, from, about  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je suis de Californie  - Im from Californiadeux  - two  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jai deux frà ¨res  - I have two brothersNote:  These are not true homophones because they have differen t  phonetic symbols, but their pronunciation is nearly identical.dà ©goà »ter  - to disgust  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒâ€¡a me dà ©goà »te  - That disgusts medà ©goutter  - to drip  Ã‚  Ã‚  De leau dà ©goutte de la table  - Water is dripping off the tableun  dessein  (formal) - design, plan, intention  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il a le dessein de le refaire  - He plans/intends to redo itun  dessin  - drawing  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cest un joli dessin  - Its a nice drawingle  diesel  - diesel fuel  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cette station na pas de diesel  - This station doesnt have any diesella  diesel  - diesel automobile  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cest une diesel  - Its a diesel car / It takes dieselun  don  - gift, talent, donation  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il a un don pour le tennis  - He has a gift for tennisdont  -  relative pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cest le livre dont je tai parlà ©Ã‚  - Its the book I told you aboutdu  (partitive article) - some  Ã‚  Ã‚  Veux-tu du pain ?   - Do you want some bread?du  - of/about the (contraction  of  de  Ã‚  le)dà »Ã‚  - past participle of  devoir  (to have to)   E e  - letter of the  French alphabeteuh  (interjection) - uh, um, er  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il y a, euh, trois choses faire  - There are, um, three things to doeux  (stressed pronoun) - them  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cest pour eux  - Its for themNote:  The letter e is not a true homophone because it has a different  phonetic symbol  than the other two, but their pronunciation is nearly identical.-à ©Ã‚  -  past participle  ending for  -er verbs  Ã‚  Ã‚  parlà ©, chantà ©, dansà ©Ã‚  - spoke, sang, danced-er  -  infinitive  ending for -er verbs  Ã‚  Ã‚  parler, chanter, danser  - to speak, to sing, to dance-ez  - ending for second person plural indicative and imperative of most verbs  Ã‚  Ã‚  (vous) parlez, chantez, dansez  - (you) speak, sing, danceeau  - see auelle  (stressed pronoun) - her  Ã‚  Ã‚  Va avec elle.  - Go with her.elle  (subject pronoun) - she  Ã‚  Ã‚  Elle le fera demain  - Shell do it tomorrow.elles  (stressed pronoun) - them  Ã‚  Ã‚  I did it for them.  - Je lai fait pour elles.elles  (subject pronoun) - they  Ã‚  Ã‚  Elles viennent avec nous ?  - Are they coming with us?l  - letter of the  French alphabeten  - see anentre  - between, among  Ã‚  Ã‚  entre toi et moi  - between you and meentre(s)  - singular conjugations of  entrer  (to enter)à ¨re  - see  res  - see aià ¨s  - see  sun  espace  - space, room  Ã‚  Ã‚  Y a-t-il de lespace ?   - Is there any room?une  espace  - printing space  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il faut mettre une espace entre ces mots  - We need to put a space between these wordsune  Espace  - car model from Renault  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je vais acheter une Espace  - Im going to buy an Espaceest,  et  - see aià ©tà ©Ã‚  - past participle of  Ãƒ ªtre  (to be)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Qui a à ©tà © blessà ©Ã‚  ?  - Who was hurt?un  Ãƒ ©tà ©Ã‚  - summer  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jaime voyager en à ©tà ©Ã‚  - I like to travel in the summerà ªtre  - to beun  Ãƒ ªtre  - being  Ã‚  Ã‚  un à ªtre humain  - human beingun  hà ªtre  - beech tree/woodeu  - past participle of  avoir  (to have)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je nai pas eu loccasion de le faire  - I didnt have a chance to do itu  - letter of the  French alphabet   F la  faim  - hunger  Ã‚  Ã‚  La faim dans le monde  - World hungerla  fin  - end  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cest la fin  - Thats the endun  fait  - fact  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ce nest pas mon opinion, cest un fait  - Its not my opinion, its a factun  faà ®te  - summit, rooftop(vous)  faites  - second person plural indicative and imperative of  faire  (to do, make)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Que faites-vous ?  - What are you doing?une  fà ªte  - party  Ã‚  Ã‚   quelle heure commence la fà ªte ?  - What time does the party begin?le  fard  - make-upla  phare  - lighthouseun  fil  - thread, yarn, string  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jai tirà © un fil mon pull  - I pulled a thread in my sweaterune  file  - line, queue  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il a dà ©j pris la file  - He already got in lineun  filtre  - filter  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je nai plus de filtres cafà ©Ã‚  - I dont have any more coffee filtersun  philtre  - potion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Crois-tu que les philtres damour peuvent marcher ?  - Do you thi nk love potions work?final  - (adj) final, last  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cest la scà ¨ne finale  - Its the last scenele  finale  - finale (music)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ont-ils fait un finale ?  - Did they play a finale?la  finale  - final (sports)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Vas-tu jouer la finale ?   - Are you going to play in the final (round)?le  flan  - custard tart  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jaime bien les flans  - I really like custard tartsle  flanc  - side, flank  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il est couchà © sur le flanc  - Hes lying on his sidela  foi  - faith  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il faut avoir la foi  - You have to have faithle  foie  - liver  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je naime pas le foie de volaille  - I dont like chicken liverune  fois  - once, one time  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je lai fait une fois  - I did it oncele  fond  - bottom, back, far end  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il faut aller jusquau fond  - You have to go all the way to the backfond  - third person singular indicative of  fondre  (to melt)  Ã‚  Ã‚  La neige fond dà ©j  - The snow is already meltingfonds  - first and second person singular indicative of  fondrefont  - third person plural indicative of  faire  (to do, make)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Quest-ce quils font ?  - What are they doing?les  fonts  - baptismal fountle  foudre  - (iro nic) leader, large cask  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cest un foudre de guerre  - (sarcastic) Hes a great war leaderla  foudre  - lightning  Ã‚  Ã‚  La foudre est tombà ©e sur la maison  - Lightning struck the house  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒâ€¡a a à ©tà © le  coup de foudre  - It was love at first sight G g  - letter of the  alphabetjai  (contraction  of  je   first person singular conjugation of  avoir  [to have]) - I havele  gà ¨ne  - gene  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cest un gà ¨ne dominant  - Its a dominant genela  gà ªne  - trouble, bother, embarrassment  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il à ©prouve une certaine gà ªne avaler  - Hes having trouble swallowinggà ªne(s)  - singular conjugations of  gà ªner  (to bother, embarrass)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒâ€¡a ne me gà ªne pas  - It doesnt bother mele  gà ®te  - shelter, cottage, ~ bed and breakfast  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nous avons logà © dans un gà ®te  - We stayed in a bed and breakfastla  gà ®te  - list, inclination of ship  Ã‚  Ã‚  Le bateau donne de la gà ®te  - The boat is listingle  greffe  - court clerks office  Ã‚  Ã‚  Oà ¹ se trouve le greffe ?  - Where is the court clerks office?la  greffe  - transplant, graft  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il a besoin dune greffe du cÅ“ur  - He needs a heart transplantguà ¨re  - hardlyà ‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il nen reste plus guà ¨re  - Theres hardly any leftla  guerre  - war  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cest une guerre civile  - Its a civil warun  guide  - guide (book or person)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jai achetà © un guide gastronomique  - I bought a restaurant guideune  guide  ~ girl scout/guide  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ma fille veut à ªtre guide  - My daughter wants to be a girl scout/guideles  guides  (f) - reins  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il faut tirer sur les guides  - You have to pull on the reins H la  haine  - hatredn  - letter of the  alphabethauteur  - see auteurhà ªtre  - see à ªtrele  hockey  - hockey  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il joue au hockey.  - He plays hockey.le  hoquet  - hiccup  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jai le hoquet.  - I have hiccups.hà ´tel  - see autelhou,  houe,  houx  - see aoà »t French Homophones: I i  - letter of the  alphabety  -  adverbial pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il y est allà © hier  - He went there yesterdayil  (subject pronoun) - he, it  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il est mà ©decin  - Hes a doctorils  (subject pronoun) - they  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ils ne sont pas prà ªts  - They arent readyNote:  In  informal French,  il  and  ils  are commonly pronounced like  i.   J j  - letter of the  alphabetjy  -  contraction  of  je  and  y  (adverbial pronoun)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jy vais !  - Im going!jai  - see gle  jars  - gander  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nous avons une oie et un jars  - We have one goose and one ganderla  jarre  - earthenware jar  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jai trouvà © une jarre antique  - I found an antique jarjeune  - young  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il est trà ¨s jeune  - He is very youngun/e  jeune  - young personle  jeà »ne  - fast, fasting  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cest un jour de jeà »ne  - Its a fast day L l  - see ellela  (feminine  definite article) - the  Ã‚  Ã‚  la pomme  - the applela  (feminine  direct object pronoun) - her, it  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je la vois  - I see herl  - here, there  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il nest est pas l  - Hes not therela  -  contraction  of  le  or  la   third person singular of  avoir  (to have)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il la achetà ©Ã‚  - He bought itlas  - contraction of  le  or  la   second person singular of  avoir  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tu las vu ?  - You saw him?le  lac  - lakela  laque  - lacquer, shellac, hairsprayleur  (indirect object pronoun) - them  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je leur donne les clà ©s  - Im giving them the keysleur(s)  (possessive adjective) - their  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cest leur maison  - Its their housele(s)/la  leur(s)  (possessive pronoun) - theirs  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cest le leur  - Its theirsun  leurre  - delusion, illusion, deception, trap, lure, decoylheur  - good fortune (ironic)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je nai pas eu lheur de le co nnaà ®tre  - I didnt have the good fortune of knowing himlheure  - hour,  time  Ã‚  Ã‚   lheure actuelle  - At the present timele  livre  - book  Ã‚  Ã‚  Comment sappelle ce livre ?  - What is this book called? la  livre  - pound  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒâ€¡a pà ¨se deux livres et coà »te cinq livres  - That weighs two pounds and costs five poundslon  -  euphonic  contraction of  le  Ã‚  on  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ce que lon a fait  - What we didlont  - contraction of  le  or  la   third person plural of  avoir  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ils lont dà ©j achetà ©Ã‚  - They already bought itlong  - long  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ne sois pas trop long  - Dont take too long M ma  (possessive adjective) - my  Ã‚  Ã‚  ma mà ¨re  - my motherma  -  contraction  of  me  (object pronoun) third person singular  avoir  (to have)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il ma vu  - He saw memas  - contraction of  me   second person singular  avoir  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tu mas regardà ©Ã‚  - You looked at mele  maire  - mayorla  mer  - seala  mà ¨re  - mothermai  - May  Ã‚  Ã‚  On est le premier mai  - Its the first of Mayla  maie  - bread boxmais  - but  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mais je ne suis pas prà ªt !  - But Im not ready!mes  (possessive adjective) - my  Ã‚  Ã‚  Oà ¹ sont mes clà ©s ?  - Where are my keys?mes  - contraction of  me   second person singular  Ãƒ ªtre  (to be)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tu mes trà ¨s cher  - You are very dear to memest  - contraction of  me   third person singular  Ãƒ ªtremet  - third person singular conjugation of  mettre  (to put)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il met le pain sur la table  - Hes putting the bread on the tablemets  - first and second person singular  mettreun  mets  - dish  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tout le monde doit amener un mets partager  - Everyone needs to bring a dish to sharemaà ®tre  (adjective) - main, major, chiefle  maà ®tre  - master, teachermettre  - to putmal  - bad, badly, wrong  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jai mal dormi  - I slept badlyle  mal  - evil, pain  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jai mal la tà ªte  - I have a headachemà ¢le* - male, manly  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cest une voix mà ¢le  - Its a manly voicela  malle  - trunk (suitcase or car)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jai dà ©j fait ma malle  - Ive already packed my trunk*This isnt a homophone for everyone; some French speakers make a distinction between  a  and  Ãƒ ¢Ã‚  marocain  - Moroccan  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il est marocain  - He is Moroccanle  maroquin  - morocco leatherune  mine  - expression, look  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il a la bonne mine  - He looks goodune  mine  - mine  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cest une mine dor  - Its a gold minemon  (possessive a djective) - my  Ã‚  Ã‚  Voici mon pà ¨re  - This is my fatherle  mont  - mountain  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jai grimpà © le mont Blanc  - I climbed Mont Blancmont  - contraction  me   third person plural conjugation of  avoir  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ils mont vu  - They saw memou  - softla  moue  - poutun  mur  - wallmà »r  - ripeune  mà »re  - blackberry N n  - see haineneuf  - new (nouveau vs neuf)neuf  - nineni  - neither  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ni lun ni lautre nest prà ªt  - Neither one is readyle  nid  - nestnie(s)  - singular conjugations of  nier  (to deny)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il nie là ©vidence  - He is denying the obviousnient  - third person plural of  nierny  - contraction of  ne  Ã‚  y  (adverbial pronoun)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il ny a pas de pain  - There isnt any breadle  nom  - last name, nounnon  - nonont  - contraction of  ne   third person plural conjugation of  avoir  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ils nont pas denfants  - They dont have any kids